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Transformer is a static device that transfers AC electrical energy from one circuit to another through electromagnetic induction. It is either used to increase i.e. Step up or to decrease i.e. Step down the voltage level.
There are various types of transformer that can be described as below
Phase Concerning
Winding position concerning
Transformation ratio concerning
Instrumental concerning
Services concerning
Cooling base concerning
Application:
The defects of transformer can be classified as
Internal defects are –
External defects are –
Sudden Failures –
Defects that develop slowly –
Different types of National / International standard for transformer
IEC IS Subject
IEC 71 Insulation Co-Ordination
IEC 76 (1-5) 2026 Power Transformers
IEC 137 2099 Bushings for Alternating voltages above 1000 Volts.
IEC 214 On Load Tap Changers
IEC 296 335 Specification for unused mineral oils for transformers and switchgear.
IEC 354 6600 Loading guide for oil immersed transformers.
IEC 437 Radio influence Voltage measurement.
IEC 518 Dimensional standardization of terminals for high voltage switchgear and control gear
IEC 529 2147 Degrees of protection provided by enclosures.
IEC 542 Application guide for On Load Tap Changers.
IEC 551 Measurement of transformer and reactor sound levels.
IEC 606 Application guide for power transformers.
IEC 616 557 Terminal and tapping markings for power transformers.
Third Party Inspection for Transformers
All power transformers inspection and testing is done against the approved drawings, purchase order specifications, purchasers or company standards, and within the practices and rules of the country, state or province and any government decrees, laws, ordinance or regulation as may apply.
The applicable codes and specifications for a power transformer that is under the construction process is:
The applicable codes and standards may be based on any international standards. This content is general and can be useful for all recognized standards.
Documents Required for Third Party Inspection of transformer
The list of documents normally is agreed upon in the Pre-Inspection meeting; the parties that participate in this meeting are the manufacturer, purchaser and third-party inspection agency representatives.
The list of documents required at the time of Third-Party Inspection
Third Party Inspection for Transformer can be done at below stages
Material Inspection
This is inspection for inward / process material to verify its effectiveness that may be through material test certificates for compliance with specifications, and where appropriate, drawings.
The review includes document review on:
After satisfactory material inspection, inspection visit report is provided, that contains the following items:
Fabrication –
This inspection is based on the inspection and test plan. The third party inspector checks following in accordance of approved drawings and applicable standards:
Construction check – This inspection involves following check points
General Arrangement Check – This inspection is about all instruments, terminal boxes, compartments, control switches etc. are correctly rated and are correctly located, with specified labeling. The inspection is done based of approved drawings.
Types of testing for transformer –
Winding Resistance Test – In this inspection a resistance of all windings are measured, with winding temperature at recorded ambient, using a milliohm-meter and acceptance criteria is power transformer datasheet.
Winding Ratios Test – In this inspection Primary to secondary winding ratios, for each phase, for all tapings are measured using a ratio meter and acceptance criteria is power transformer datasheet.
Temperature Rise Test -Type Test – This inspection is subjected to full load current at rated voltage (various loading methods may apply), with “normal” tap selected, with monitoring of oil temperature (lower and upper); cooling air temperature measured by at least 3 thermometers in liquid providing a time constant of 2H, placed at 1 to 2 meters from the cooling surface for “Air Natural” cooling (for “Air Forced” cooling, the thermometers should be within the air input flow, at 1 to 2 meters).
Load Loss Test (Copper Loss)-Type Test – This inspection is carried out with shorting links are applied (either to the primaries or to the secondary’s, dependent on test supply voltages). Voltage supply is applied to the opposing windings and increased until rated current is achieved. Input and output powers are measured and loss calculated.
No Load Loss Test (Iron Loss)-Type Test
Rated voltage is applied to primaries or secondaries, with the opposing windings open circuit. Input and output powers are monitored and loss calculated.
Power Transformer Efficiency –Type Test
Efficiency is calculated from the losses.
Third party inspector reviews the calculation in manufacture quality control records.
Third Party Inspection for Induced Overvoltage Withstand Test (Overpotential Test)
There are three methods; dependent on winding category, the test would be acceptable if no collapse occurs in test voltage.
Dielectric Test
Test requirements vary with winding category and acceptable level is in according to applicable standard.
Separate Source Voltage Withstand Test
The test is applied between each winding and the terminals of all other windings, core, frame and tank, all connected together to earth.
Testing instruments used for transformer inspection – Multimeter – 3 Phase test panel for SC/OC Test – 1 phase test panel for SC/OC Test – HV Tester (0 – 5 KV) – Meggar – Tong Tester – Multimeter – Watt Meter – Ammeter – Voltmeter – Auto Transformer – Oscilloscope – CT/PT – Winding Resistance Meter – Ratio Meter – Temperature Measurement test set – Torque Wrench – Pressure Gauge – Oil Level Indicator – Die Electric Tester
Reporting
The third-party inspector provides an Inspection Visit Report (IVR) after each visit, as well as a final report summarizing the activities carried out during the power transformer production in accordance with the contract requirements and circulated within the time limits specified in the contract.
Third Party Inspection for Release Note
When required by the contract or purchase order, a release note is issued by the third party inspection agency and given to the manufacturer when the power transformers have been accepted.
Packing, Marking and Shipping
The following points are checked:
Third Party Inspection Agency in India
The Third-Party Inspection Agency in India who are involve in the Third-Party Inspection services of Transformer – can apply above technical information for Third-party Inspection services and prepared the Inspection Checklist of Transformer inspection referring the customer QAP/ Different Standards/ Code of Practices. Which Cloud help the Third-Party inspection services provider to make sound decisions while doing the Third-Party Inspection services in India
Benefits of Third-Party Inspection
It gives product conformity at its relevant stage; it conforms determined process flow. It identifies the defects of the product at its relevant stage. It reduces the cost of further inspection. IT enhances customer satisfaction and relevance.